Also presented here is a similar characterization of the complementary, single-emulsion x-ray film, Kodak SB-5 (or 392). Experimentally derived conversion relations have been obtained that allow the density values to be expressed as either diffuse or specular. A detailed table is presented for the I values corresponding to optical densities in the 0.2–2.0 range and to photon energies, E (eV), in the 1000–10,000-eV region. The absorption and geometric properties of the film were determined, which, along with the density-exposure data, permitted the application of a relatively simple analytical model description for the optical density, D, as a function of the intensity, I (photons/ μm2), the photon energy, E (eV), and the angle of incidence, θ, of the exposing radiation. The experimental data base consisted of density-versus-exposure measurements that were duplicated at several laboratories for x radiations in the 1000–10,000-eV region.
The ease with which Biomax-MS can be used in place of DEF (same format film, same developing process, and comparable sensitivity) makes it a good replacement.Ī detailed characterization has been established for the new, high-sensitivity double-emulsion Kodak Direct Exposure Film (DEF). The lower exposure results from thinner emulsion layers, designed for use with phosphor screens. To summarize the results: Biomax MS has comparable sensitivity to DEF film below 3 keV but has reduced sensitivity above 3 keV(∼50%). Users of the model can infer absolute fluences from observed exposure levels at either interpolated or extrapolated energies.
The Biomax-MS results have been fitted to a semiempirical mathematical model (Knauer &etal, these proceedings). Additional response measurements were taken with Kodak direct exposure film (DEF) so as to compare the results of this technique to previously published calibrations. The absolute beam intensity for each exposure was measured with a Si(Li) detector. Multiple exposures were taken on Biomax MS film up to levels exceeding optical densities of 2 as measured by a microdensitometer. The measurements were taken at specific line energies by using Bragg diffraction to produce monochromatic beams of x rays. The absolute response of Kodak Biomax-MS film to x rays in the range from 1.5- to 8-keV has been measured using a laboratory electron-beam generated x-ray source. Detailed spectral information from three target locations is provided simultaneously: the incident x-ray source, the scattered signal from unshocked foam, and the scattered signal from shocked foam. The data is composed of three spatially distinct spectra that were simultaneously captured with a single spectrometer with high spectral (4.8 eV) and spatial (190 µm) resolutions. Both unshocked and shocked portions of the foam target were probed with 6.2 keV x-rays produced by focusing the Z-Beamlet laser onto a nearby Mn foil. The impact of the flyer plate on a CH2 foam target produced a shocked state with an estimated pressure of 0.75 Mbar, density of 0.52 g/cm3, and temperature of 4.3 eV. The large (> 20 MA) electrical current produced by Z was used to launch Al flyer plates up to 25 km/s. For the first time, space-resolved x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) spectra from shocked carbon foams were recorded on Z. The measurements were taken using selected anodes, filters, and applied voltages to produce well-defined energy lines.Įxperiments on the Sandia Z pulsed-power accelerator have demonstrated the ability to produce warm dense matter (WDM) states with unprecedented uniformity, duration, and size, which are ideal for investigations of fundamental WDM properties. A broader range of energies was selected to compare results with previously published data. The absolute response of Agfa D4 x-ray film from 705 to 4620 eV has been measured using the Nevada National Security Site Manson x-ray source. These calibration efforts are vital to the accuracy of the NIF opacity measurements and are conducted in a previously un-studied x-ray energy range under a new film development protocol required by NIF. The calibration of Agfa D4 x-ray film for use in the OpSpec is communicated here. However, Agfa D4 and D3sc x-ray films’ higher spatial resolution provides increased spectral resolution to the data over the IP-TR image plates, driving the desire for regular use of x-ray film as a detecting medium. The soft x-ray Opacity Spectrometer (OpSpec) fielded at the NIF has an elliptically shaped crystal design that measures x rays in the 900–2100 eV range and currently uses an image plate as the detecting medium. X-ray films remain a key asset for high-resolution x-ray spectral imaging in high-energy-density experiments conducted at the National Ignition Facility (NIF).